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<title>Multicast lightpaths</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multicast lightpaths</span></span>

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<p>A <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> session requires a "point-to-multipoint" connection from a source node to multiple destination nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source node is known as the <i>root</i>. The destination nodes are known as <i>leaves</i>. In the modern era, it is important to protect <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> connections in an <a href="Optical_mesh_network" title="Optical mesh network">optical mesh network</a>. Recently, multicast applications have gained popularity as they are important to protecting critical sessions against failures such as fiber cuts, hardware faults, and natural disasters.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multicast_applications">Multicast applications</h2></div>

<p><a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">Multicast</a> applications may include <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, <a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>, <a href="HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>, <a href="Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">video conferencing</a>, <a href="Distance_education" title="Distance education">interactive distance learning</a>, and distributed games.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-casting_switch_architecture">Multi-casting switch architecture</h2></div>

<p>In order to support multi-casting, the <a href="Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a> network requires <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>-capable wavelength-routing switches at the network node. These switches are capable of replicating data streams from one input port to multiple output ports. There are two types of switch architectures that are usually used:<sup id="cite_ref-Singhal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singhal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>The first type of switch architecture is an opaque switch architecture which utilizes electronic cross-connects with optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversion.</li>

<li>The other is transparent switch architecture which utilizes all <a href="Optical_cross-connect" title="Optical cross-connect">optical cross-connects</a> (OXCs).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multicast_lightpaths_protection">Multicast lightpaths protection</h2></div>

<p>Multicast <a href="Lightpath_(optical_network)" title="Lightpath (optical network)">lightpaths</a> protection refers to the network's prompt response to reroute traffic onto an alternative path in the event of a failure.

</p><p>In a dedicated backup path, resources are exclusively allocated to a single connection and not shared with other connections along the backup path.

</p><p>In a shared backup path, resources may be shared between multiple backup paths for different connections.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protecting_multicast_sessions">Protecting multicast sessions</h2></div>

<p>Several protection schemes have been proposed in the literature to protect the <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> connections. The simplest idea to protect the <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> tree from single fiber failure is to compute a link disjoint backup tree. In a link disjoint backup tree, a multicast session from source node F to destination nodes A, B, C, D and E forms a light tree. F is the root and the remaining nodes are the leaves. The primary light tree is shown in solid lines and (directed-link-disjoint) the back up light tree is shown in dotted lines carrying traffic from source node to destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Singhal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singhal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The ring based approach is also proposed to protect <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> session.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The segment protection scheme is another way to protect <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> connections.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A segment in a <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> tree is defined as the sequence of edges from the source or any splitting node (on a tree) to a leaf node or to a downstream splitting node. A destination node is always considered as a segment end node because it is either a leaf node in a tree or a splitting node.

</p><p>A multicast protection scheme through spanning paths is also one of the key approaches to protecting <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spanning path in a multicast tree is defined as a path from a leaf node to any other leaf node in the light tree. The scheme derives backup paths for every spanning path in the multicast tree.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_of_DBPP_and_SBPP_on_multicast_connections">Concept of DBPP and SBPP on multicast connections</h2></div>

<p><b>Dedicated backup path protection (DBPP) for multicast connections</b>:

Depending on the network topology, a dedicated backup path concept can be applied for multicast traffic. A dedicated backup path protection is a multicast session from source node F to destination nodes A, B, C, D, and E which form the light tree. A dedicated backup path protection scheme can be applied to protect multicast traffic from link failure. This is easy to achieve with one-to-one protection where the dedicated backup path is already provisioned and traffic is simply switched to it on failure.

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<p><b>Shared backup path protection (SBPP) for multicast connections</b>:

The SBPP technique can be used for multicast connections at the optical layer because of its resource efficiency, due to the fact that the backup paths can share wavelength channels on links while their corresponding primary paths are link disjoint. Paths can share links with working paths and protection paths of other leaves.

In a shared backup path protection before failure FE and FA are primary paths. The optical line is reserved for shared protection of both FE and FA.

</p><p><b>Path protection technique for multicast connections</b> (multiple unicast connections):

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<th>Key features</th>

<th>Dedicated backup path protection</th>

<th>Shared backup path protection

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<td><b>Reliability</b></td>

<td>Highly reliable</td>

<td>Less reliable

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<td><b>Cross connect</b></td>

<td>Cross connect established before failure</td>

<td>Cross connect established after failure

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<td>Cost is higher than SBPP</td>

<td>Less than DBPP

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2></div>

<p>Protection schemes for multicast connections are important for the following reasons:

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<ol><li>Loss of connectivity: network failures such as fiber cuts in a communication network occur often enough to cause service disruption, and lead to significant information loss in the absence of adequate backup mechanisms.</li>

<li><a href="Service-level_agreement" title="Service-level agreement">SLA</a>: it is important for providers to follow SLAs and guaranteed service. It is important to protect <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> connections to maintain the SLA.</li>

<li>Business reputation: network availability is one of the key aspects of multicasting connections. A company loses money and reputation when its network fails.</li></ol>

<ul><li><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></li>

<li><a href="IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_add-drop_multiplexer" title="Optical add-drop multiplexer">Optical add-drop multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_mesh_network" title="Optical mesh network">Optical mesh network</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">Optical transport network</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicast" title="Unicast">Unicast</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. H. Sahasrabuddhe and B. Mukherjee, "Light-trees: Optical multi-casting for improved performance in wavelength-routed networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 37, pp. 67–73, Feb. 1999.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Singhal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singhal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singhal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Singhal and B. Mukherjee, "Protecting <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> sessions in <a href="Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a> optical mesh networks," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, Apr. 2003</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Boworntummarat, L. Wuttisittikulkij, and S. Segkhoonthod, "Lighttree based Protection Strategies for Multicast Traffic in Transport WDM Mesh Networks with Multi-fiber Systems", in Proc. IEEE ICC'04, June 2004, vol. 3, pp.1791–1795</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Singhal, L. sahasrabuddhe, and B. Mukherjee, "Provisioning of Survivable Multicast Sessions Against Single Link Failures in Optical WDM Mesh Networks", IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2587–2594, Nov. 2003.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Singhal, C. Ou, and B. Mukherjee, "Shared Protection for Multicast Sessions in Mesh Networks", in Proc. IEEE OFC'05, pp. 823-825, 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Singhal, C. Ou, B. Mukherjee, "Cross-sharing vs. Self-sharing Trees for Protecting Multicast Sessions in Mesh Networks", Journal of Computer Networks, vol 50, no. 2, pp. 200-106, Feb. 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Luo, H. Yu, L. Li, and S. Wang, "On Protecting Dynamic Multicast Sessions in Survivable Mesh WDM Networks", in Proc. OFC'2006</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Luo, L. Li, and H. Yu, "Algorithm for Protecting Light-trees in Survivable Mesh Wavelength-division-multiplexing Networks", Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1071–1083, 2006.</span>

</li>

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